1. Exigence: What needs doing at this point? In other words, what is compelling Hamlet to speak at this moment in the play?
Hamlet’s father, the King, has been killed, and Hamlet has seen the King’s ghost. The ghost tells Hamlet that Hamlet’s uncle Claudius killed the King, and orders Hamlet to get revenge. Right now, though, Hamlet is about to have to deal with his lady friend, Ophelia, and try and convince her to get lost so that she won’t be around when Hamlet kills Claudius. He’s pretty emotional, considering his father’s death, his uncle’s plotting, and the up-and-coming split with his girlfriend, so he’s wondering if it’s all worth it. Or rather, wondering if the stresses of his life are making his life not worth living any more. Should he kill himself, and not have to deal with the turmoil of human affairs?
2. Audience: The audience is comprised of people who can in some way act on this exigence. Who is Hamlet’s primary audience and how does that influence his choices? Who is Hamlet’s secondary audience and how does that influence his choices? [Hint: they are not on the stage]
ANDDDDD here’s where we start guessing… I think Hamlet’s primary audience is himself. He is the main one affected by his father’s death, and he is the one who has been ordered to get revenge. This influences him by allowing him to say pretty much whatever he wants, with whatever logic (misguided or not) that he can think of. If he can somehow spin a thought so that it makes sense in HIS head, he has succeeded, since he is essentially talking to and arguing with HIMSELF.
I think his secondary audience is not necessarily a character within the play, but rather anyone who happens to hear him speak. (I know this isn’t Post Modern, but this seems very ‘outside’ of the actual play to me, and seems like he’s talking to the actual audience, which wouldn’t happen unless he knew he was in a play… I’m confusing myself..I’m going to stop now.) But basically, he wonders if life is worth living, through all the troubles and abuses of life, and basically just sounds very existential-y. It seems like he MUST be talking to someone more than just a fellow character, because he gives so many examples of life’s hardships – oppression, rudeness, unrequited love, flawed justice, idiocy of government officials, mistreatment of good people. Not all of this is shown IN Hamlet, so it seems to me that he must be speaking outside of the play itself.
3. Purpose: What is the purpose of Hamlet’s speech?
I don’t know when I heard this (I’m sure it was in class, either last year or this year), but someone said that a soliloquy was a character working out his or her issues, and I think that’s definitely the case here. But I am also thoroughly convinced that he’s talking to more than just himself, so that would probably affect the purpose too. Going with that thought, I think he is probably speaking to give voice to the thoughts that he shares with other people, and to reason with his thoughts of life’s pointlessness.
4. Appeals: Which appeal(s) does Hamlet use to convince and/or motivate his audience? Reference specific lines.
I really think he uses all three, actually, in this order…
Ethos: Appeal to the character of the speaker – He starts out by referring to his own specific circumstance (l. 65-66: “to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune”), and his wondering about “whether ’tis nobler in the mind…” (l. 65-8), shows his character and his dilemma.
Pathos: Appeal to the emotions or interests of the audience – He then moves on to issues that the audience (himself, and anyone who happens to hear) would relate to: “For who would bear the whips and scorns of time…and the spurns That patient merit of th’ unworthy takes” (l. 78-82).
Logos: Appeal to logic – This one I think could go under Pathos as well, but I’m putting it here because Pathos already has an example… Hamlet then looks at the logical uncertainties of human nature regarding death: “But that the dread of something after death, …” (l. 86). He comes to this conclusion logically, but the questioning of existence after death is both an emotional issue and a reasonable one, so he is appealing to the audience’s logic and their natural uncertainties about death.
5. Figures of speech, imagery, diction, syntax: What literary devices does Hamlet employ? Where do you see him making comparisons? Which tropes – similes, metaphors, personification, hyperbole, etc. – does he use? How do these comparisons relate to his rhetorical purpose? What particularly vivid images stand out? What effect do these images have on Hamlet’s rhetorical purpose?
Anaphora = repetition of a word or phrase: l. 64 “to be” [emphasizes his question - how those are the only two options he has] – l. 68, 72 “to die, to sleep” [emphasizes the metaphor]
Metaphor: sleep for death [it suggests the peace that he thinks he might achieve through death]
Polyptoton = repetition of a word, but in a different form: ‘sleep,’ l. 68-9 “to sleep – no more – and by a sleep…” and l. 73-4 “To sleep, perchance to dream. Ay, there’s the rub, For in that sleep of death…” [adds interest and clarifies his reasoning for the use of the word]
Enjambment = building suspense by postponing to the next line a significant word or words related to the previous line: l. 75-6 “When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,/Must give us pause.” – l. 83-4 “When he himself might his quietus make/With a bare bodkin? [creates subtle suspense]
Asyndeton = the omission of connectors: l. 78-82 “For who would bear the whips and scorns of time,…That patient merit of th’ unworthy takes” [makes the list seem longer than it is...even though it IS pretty long]
Apostrophe = a “turning away” from one subject to another: l. 96-8, “Soft you now, The fair Ophelia” [interrupts his speech, cuts it off]
6. Response: How do you respond to Hamlet’s soliloquy? In other words, what do you think of him right now?
I’m not gonna lie, when we first read/heard it in class, I thought it was pretty simple, and that all there could possibly be to it is Hamlet getting a little depressed and thinking about suicide. This analysis has OPENED my eyes! Hahah just kidding. But it HAS made it clear that there is LOT more going on here than I first thought. I think he is emotional, but honestly, it seems like he’s still got his emotions under control. He makes a clear and logical argument about some pretty heavy stuff – “Gahhh, what is the meaning/purpose of liiiiife?!?” – and really, he isn’t overly dramatic, considering the subject that he’s talking about. I mean seriously, give him a break, he’s pondering the meaning of life, he’s got to be at least a LITTLE dramatic, or else we would DEFINITELY think he was crazy.
one last RGAD!!! »« RGAD ^ 4